Please Active Javascript

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`) jQuery("#myTA").click(function() { this.focus(); this.select() }); var ta = document.getElementById('myTA'); // ta.addEventListener('copy', onCopyEvent); // ta.addEventListener('cut', onCopyEvent); ta.value = ''; clipboardDiv = document.createElement('div'); clipboardDiv.style.fontSize = '12pt'; // Prevent zooming on iOS // Reset box model clipboardDiv.style.border = '0'; clipboardDiv.style.padding = '0'; clipboardDiv.style.margin = '0'; // Move element out of screen clipboardDiv.style.position = 'fixed'; clipboardDiv.style['right'] = '-9999px'; clipboardDiv.style.top = (window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop) + 'px'; // more hiding clipboardDiv.setAttribute('readonly', ''); clipboardDiv.style.opacity = 0; clipboardDiv.style.pointerEvents = 'none'; clipboardDiv.style.zIndex = -1; clipboardDiv.setAttribute('tabindex', '0'); // so it can be focused clipboardDiv.innerHTML = ''; document.body.appendChild(clipboardDiv); function onCopyEvent(e) { e.preventDefault(); copyToClipboard(getTextAreaSelection(e.target)); // copy text // copyToClipboard(getTextAreaSelection(e.target)) // copyHtmlToClipboard(getTextAreaSelection(e.target)); // html } // function copyHtmlToClipboard(html) { // clipboardDiv.innerHTML = html; // var focused = document.activeElement; // clipboardDiv.focus(); // // window.getSelection().removeAllRanges(); // // var range = document.createRange(); // // range.setStartBefore(clipboardDiv.firstChild); // // range.setEndAfter(clipboardDiv.lastChild); // // window.getSelection().addRange(range); // var ok = false; // try { // if (document.execCommand('copy')) ok = true; // else utils.log('execCommand returned false !'); // } catch (err) { // utils.log('execCommand failed ! exception ' + err); // } // focused.focus(); // } function getTextAreaSelection(elem) { var selectedText; if (document.selection != undefined) // IE version { elem.focus(); var sel = document.selection.createRange(); selectedText = sel.text; } else if (elem.selectionStart != undefined) // Mozilla version { var startPos = elem.selectionStart; var endPos = elem.selectionEnd; selectedText = elem.value.substring(startPos, endPos) } return selectedText; } function copyToClipboard(text) { if (window.clipboardData && window.clipboardData.setData) { // Internet Explorer-specific code path to prevent textarea being shown while dialog is visible. return window.clipboardData.setData("Text", text); } else if (document.queryCommandSupported && document.queryCommandSupported("copy")) { var textarea = document.createElement("textarea"); textarea.textContent = text; textarea.style.position = "fixed"; // Prevent scrolling to bottom of page in Microsoft Edge. document.body.appendChild(textarea); textarea.select(); try { return document.execCommand("copy"); // Security exception may be thrown by some browsers. } catch (ex) { console.warn("Copy to clipboard failed.", ex); return false; } finally { document.body.removeChild(textarea); } } }

Difference Between Lapping Length And Development Length

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Lapping Length

In civil Engineering point of view the lapping length is also called overlapping length, and lapping length we can define when the steel in bar is not sufficient for the design length which we required, so for that we lap the other steel to complete the design length , so there two steel should be overlapping on each other that is called lapping or overlapping length. Lapping length can transfer the load from on e member to other, and the reinforcement bar need to be firmly bind at both ends.

Example: If we have to place the steel on the slab and the length of the slab is 22 meter, And in the market there we have the steel length which is 12 meter so if we complete our design length for steel in slab so we have to over lap the other steel to complete our steel design for slab.

We Have Two Kinds Of Lapping In Steel

Lap length for tension members = 40d ( Specially used for Beam )

Lap length for compression members = 50d. ( Specially used for Column )

The above formula you can use at site for practical construction work, Because this is the real design structure formula

Development Length

Development length is the length of bar which we used to transferring the stress into concrete.

We used the given formula

Development length (Ld) =d x σs/τbd

So here

d is Dimmeter of bar

σs = Stress in the bar at the section considered as design load.

τbd = Design bond stress.

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